فصلنامه علوم پزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
سال سی‌ام شماره 1 (پیاپی 99، بهار 1399)

Infantile colic is a common condition among infants in which inability of caregivers to console their infants can lead to shaken baby syndrome, child abuse, depression and etc. Therefore it can lay a great economic burden in healthcare and social welfare systems. Even though it is highly prevalent, little agreement has been reached on the definition, pathogenesis or the optimal management strategy for infantile colic. In the past decade major leaps in understanding infantile colic has been taken by researchers. Although our understanding is greater than before, but novel treatments has yet to be introduced. The current review aims to delineate the Rome IV criteria definition, which is the latest published diagnostic criteria. Moreover, gastrointestinal, neurogenic, microbial and psychosocial factors that might contribute to the pathophysiology of infant colic are explored. Also, clinical assessment of infant with suspected colic is reviewed. Important aspect of the management of infant colic is further highlighted by this review. Management strategies, including dietary, behavioral, pharmacological and alternative interventions are also discussed

Today, infertility is a problem that affects about 15% of couples due to male factors, female factors or both. High levels of oxidative stress, because of an imbalance between the reactive oxygene species and the antioxidant capacity, have been repeatedly reported in infertile men, which can have a destructive effect on the spermatogenesis process. Antioxidant treatment can improve the effects of oxidative stress in spermatozoa. In this paper, the effect of alpha-lipoic acid as a water and fat-soluble antioxidant and its effect on sperm quality and treatment outcomes on infertile men is discussed.
Published articles in Elseviour data-base, Iran doc, Scopus, Mag iran, Pubmed and google scular between 1988 and 2018 were collected baesd on key words. Repeated articles or ones with unsufficient content were omitted.
Alpha-lipoic acid is considered as a new antioxidant in the infertility-treatment field, due to its unique aptitude compare to other common antioxidants, such as vitamin E and C. This antioxidant can improve sperm motility, DNA damage and effective treatment results by removing free radicals and restoring antioxidant enzymes.
The use of alpha-lipoeic acid through applying assisted reproductive techniques such as culture medium, freezing, or varicocele therapy have satisfactory results in treatment

Clinical application of the test results are profoundly influenced by laboratory errors. Nowadays, the best way to evaluate the performance of a method is to determine its sigma scale according to total allowable error (TEa) and analytical errors, including random and systematic errors. In this study, the performance of the measuring kits for biochemical analytes belonging to Pars Azmoon Company, as the most commonly used kits in Iran, was evaluated by determining their deviation index (DI) and sigma scale.
During the years 2013-17 and the 15th to 28th runs of the external quality assessment program (EQAP), commercial control materials were sent to about 2000 participating laboratories in each period. Based on the results of measuring the biochemical analytes by these laboratories, method performance of measuring methods was determined according to DI and sigma scale. For determining sigma scale, two different TEa was used.
Based on the TEa introduced by the reference health laboratory of Iran, among the 21 analyzed analytes, DI of the 7, 11, and 3 analytes were acceptable (DI up to 2.0) for 100%, 90% and less than 90% of the reported results, respectively. In sigma scale evaluation of these methods according to TEa of reference health laboratory of Iran and CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments), 13 and 12 measuring methods were acceptable (sigma of at least 2.0), respectively.
Due to the importance of the test results in medical decision making, it is necessary to improve the performance of measuring methods.

Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that increases the secretion of milk, especially after normal delivery. Due to the properties of this peptide hormone, it seems that changing the route of use and changing the release pattern can create a longer duration of action of the drug. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are a candidate to achieve these goals, which can be used as a non-invasive method with the possibility of induction of postpartum breastfeeding. In this study, we tried to design new drug delivery system using nanotechnology to change route of administration and prolong the administration intervals in order to induction of milk secretion especially among mothers with Cesarean section.
In this study, different SLNs were designed by changing many variables and all designed SLNs were evaluated in vitro. The mean particle size, zeta potential, loaded drug value, and drug release pattern were evaluated. Nanoparticles were freeze dried to increase stability.
The amount of drug loaded in the selected nanoparticles was reported to be 82%. The study of drug release showed that after 72 hours, the rate of drug release reaches 80%.
Based on results, loaded peptide value, and drug release pattern was in a reasonable quantity. The optimum SLNs were freeze dried to increase the stability. The particles could be suitable candidate for preparing nasal drop of oxytocin to achieve the desired aims of the study.

Sodium butyrate (NaBr), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, has emerged as a promising anticancer drug for multiple cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium butyrate on the changes in the expression of the Bid gene in human colorectal cancer cell line.

HT-29 cell line was cultured. Cells were treated with different concentration of NaBr (from 6.25 mM to 200mM) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cytotoxicity and IC50 were evaluated by MTT assay. The effect of NaBr on Bid gene expression was examined by PCR and qRT-PCR.

The IC50 for 24, 48, and 72 hours were 95mM, 25mM and, 12.5mM respectively. Antiproliferative activity of NaBr was dependent on time and dose manner. The results of real time PCR showed that the expression of Bid gene in treated cells with IC50 concentration increased significantly (p<0.05) in comparison with the control group.

The results showed that NaBr inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis in the HT-29 cell line which can be due to the increase in Bid gene expression. So, the change in expression of the apoptosis genes can effect by histone deacetylase inhibitors.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-caused death around the world. Reports of the unnecessary transcription of family genes of the fibroblast growth factor in several types of cancer indicate the role of these factors in tumorgenesis and progression of cancer. Therefore, the level of FGF11 transcription was evaluated in colorectal cancer tumor tissues relative to the normal tissue adjacent to cancer.
In this study, 30 tumor tissue samples and 30 adjacent tumor tissue samples were collected from patients with colorectal cancer among those referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital. After extracting the entire RNA from the samples and synthesizing cDNA, quantitative real-time PCR method was used to evaluate the level of FGF11 transcription in the mRNA level.
The level of FGF11 transcription in cancer tissues was 1.55 times higher than in non-cancer tissues, but a significant difference was not found between the two healthy and tumor groups (P= 0.402). Increased FGF11 transcription in patients with stages III and IV (high stage) was significantly different from those with stages 0, I and II (low stage) (P=0.057). The transcription of this gene did not show a significant relationship with tumor grade (P= 0.193), age (P= 0.896), size of tumor (P= 0.428), and lymphatic invasion (P= 0.651).
Based on the results, increasing the FGF11 transcription in atages III and IV of colorectal cancer than that at stages 0, I and II may indicate the potential role of this gene in tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer, while further investigations are required in this regard.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic training with resveratrol supplementation on regulatory and executive factors of cardiomyocytes apoptosis in streptozocin diabetic male rats.
In an experimental study, 50 male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 healthy controls, diabetics, resveratrol supplements, aerobic training and complementary resveratrol + aerobic training. Diabetes was induced by single injection of streptozotocin (50 ml/kg). Training was done 5 days per week for 8 weeks. They did exercise on the treadmill at 15m/min, 5 min and gradient of 15%. At the end of the course, all animals were completely and similarly treated and 48 hours after the last training session, anesthetized and sacrificed. After cardiac out and homogenization, the concentration of BAX, Bcl-2 and Caspase3 was measured individually.
After induction of diabetes, the concentration of BAX and Caspase-3 significantly increased compared with healthy controls, while BCL-2 concentration decreased significantly. However, only exercise interaction and resveratrol had significant effect on BAX concentration and had no significant effect on Caspase-3 levels. Each exercise and resveratrol separately increased BCL-2 concentration, but their interactive effect was not significant.
Aerobic exercise and resveratrol have a beneficial effect on cardiac apoptosis in inducing diabetes, but their interaction is not significant in the process of cardiac apoptosis. Of course, aerobic exercise and resveratrol could be used as complementary therapies for myocardial protection against invasive apoptosis induced by diabetes.

It seems that green tea and exercise training may have benefits for improving body composition and blood lipids. However, there are limited documents in the menopause population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate effects of green tea consumption and aerobic- resistance training on lipid profile and body composition in overweight and obese postmenopausal women.
Using a semi-experimental design, 20 menopausal volunteers women were randomly assigned to experimental (n=10, aerobic-resistance training and green tea consumption) or a control (n=10, no intervention). Intervention group received daily consumption of green tea (340 mg per day) and aerobic- resistance exercise training (three 60 min sessions per week) for 6 weeks. Subjects were tested for changes in body composition and serum lipids before and after the end of the intervention period. Data were analyzed using independent t - test, Mann-Whitney U, paired t- test and Wilcoxon by SPSS software version 16.
Body composition analysis revealed reduction in BMI (p=0.005) and body fat percentage (p-0.003) after 6-week intervention. However, there was no significant changes in WHR and blood lipids in the intervention group. In otherwise, there were no significant differences in all measurement, except body fat percentage (p=0.013), in between groups analysis.
According to the study results, it is recommended that green tea combined with aerobic- resistance training are used for improving body composition in menopausal women.

The aim of this study was to compare noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) of cell‐free DNA in maternal blood and amniocentesis in the diagnosis of aneuploidy. This study was designed to evaluate sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of NIPT for detection of aneuploidies compared gold standard test of amniocentesis.
This cross sectional study performed on Iranian pregnant women (GA≥12 weeks) and candidate for NIPT, referred to the Nilou laboratory in Tehran and 16 provinces of Iran between Aug 2016 and Aug 2018. Analysis study was performed by SPSS version 21.
11960 pregnant women which candidate for NIPT enrolled in this study and 139 persons detected as high risk for NIPT.  The mean (±standard deviation) age of participants was 33.7 ± 6.4 years and 34.4 ± 5.2 years for amniocentesis and NIPT groups, respectively. Specificity of NIPT in the diagnosis of trisomies of T21, T18 and T13 was 99.94%, 99.95% and 99.97% respectively. Failure rate was calculated as 0.27.
Non-invasive prenatal testing has very high sensitivity and specificity for aneuploidies but should not be used as a final diagnosis test.

The aim of this qualitative study was identifying the effective factors and components in transferring learning to the work environment in in-service training of nurses in hospitals affiliated to the Social Security Organization.


The  method was exploratory research and Data analysis was fundamental.
 The sample includes 35 members of hospital supervisor, head nurses, master manager of education and academic professors who work and expert in training transfer. Data were collected by open interview until theoretical saturation was reached. Open and semi-structured interviews were used to collect information and simultaneous analyses of the interview were conducted using open, axial and selective coding. The obtained model was validated by all 35 people and the learning transfer model was developed. Finally, using the feedback method of the participants and the analyst triangulation technique, the validity of the analysis was ensured. In order to measure the reliability of the coding, re-test reliability methods and intra-subject agreement were used.
The factors affecting training transfer could be in 4 dimensions, including personal factors, educational factors, organizational factors and meta-organizational or environment factors.
The results showed this fact that in educational performance process in hospital and achieve the efficiency and effectiveness of education in nurses’ performance , we must consider factors affecting training transfer. Because the lack of attention to these factors influencing the transfer process has shown that learning is forgotten over time and eventually a small percentage is transferred to the workplace and a lot of costs are imposed on the hospital without any benefit.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects people's physical and mental aspects, including the quality of sexual relationships. In this study, the effect of emotional regulation training on the sexual function and sexual satisfaction of MS patients was investigated.

This quasi-experimental study was performed on 98 women with MS who were referred to the Iranian MS Research Center in 2016. The emotional regulation training program consisted of eight two-hour sessions. The demographic information, emotional regulation skills questionnaire (ERSQ), female sexual function inventory (FSFI) and sexual satisfaction scale for women (SSSW) questionnaires were completed before and after the intervention.

The emotion regulation status of 93.9 percent of the subjects was at a moderate and high level before the intervention, which increased by 100 percent after the intervention. In the case of sexual function and sexual satisfaction, the pre-test rate was 83.7 and 98.9 percent, respectively, which reached to 97 and 100 percent after intervention. The mean of emotional regulation, sexual function, and sexual satisfaction before intervention was 59.97, 20.24, and 92.00, which after intervention reached to 77.08, 26.98 and 95.38, respectively. Paired t-test showed a significant increase in the mean of the research variables after intervention (p <0.05).

Considering the efficacy of emotional regulation training intervention, it is recommended to design and implement such interventions for patients with MS. To this end, it will provide a circumstance for improving their sexual function and satisfaction and also their quality of life.

the most common painful and frequent invasive interventions in children’s hospital is venipuncture. The purpose of this study was to compare the two techniques of auditory distraction (Hear music) and mentally (bubble maker) in venipuncture induced pain in hospitalized children.
This clinical trial was done on all ill children hospitalized in 5 sections of 12 wards in children’s subspecialty hospital in Qom. The subjects were selected through gradual random sampling method and were randomly placed in two experimental groups and a control group (32 in bubble maker, 32 in hear music and 32 in control group). A bubble maker toy and cheerful chidish music was used to create distraction. The Oucher pain tool was used to evaluate severity of pain. Data was analyzed by SPSS software ver.22.
one –way ANOVA results showed a significant difference of pain intensity between the bobble maker group and the control group and also the music group with the control group (p˂0.001). The pain intensity in the bobble group was the least and in the control group was the highest and there was a significant difference between the two groups of music and bubble maker (p= 0.009).
the results of the children’s distraction in three groups of bubble, music and control showed that there is a significant decrease in mean score of pain intensity in bubble group. So, active distraction (bubble maker) may effectively reduce the pain intensity in 6-12 years old children.